Cases

Ergative
Ending: -∅ *Only marked in pronouns, understood by word order elsewhere 

Meaning: 

• The agent of a transitive verb

Díina dáa xwútl’áang. - I love you.

Absolutive
Ending: -∅ *Only marked in pronouns, understood by word order elsewhere 

Meaning:  

• The subject of an intransitive verb

Dáa xwútl’áang. - You are loved. 

• The object of an transitive verb

Díina dáa xwútl’áang. - I love you. 

Genitive 
Ending: -∅ *Only marked in pronouns, understood by word order elsewhere 

Meaning:

• Possession

Díi duus. - My cat. 

Vocative
Ending: -∅ *Only marked in certain nouns, understood by word order and punctuation elsewhere 

Meaning: 

• The person being addressed 

Chánii! - Grandpa!

Instrumental
Ending: -tin/-n

Meaning: 

• Using ...

Xál sdláagwaaltin ta taláagán. - He ate using a spoon.

Adessive
Ending: -ghaa

Meaning:

• Adjacent location

X’waahldáayghaa - Near the house

• Following ...

Duujáayghaa katsáa - To go following the cat

• Around a time

9ghaa - Around 9

Locative
Ending: -wu/-u

Meaning:

• The location

X’waahldáayu - At the house

• At a time

9u - At 9

Pertingent 
Ending: -déi

Meaning:

• Touching ...

Hlgiijaadéi - Touching the fork

• Extended physical location or contact with ...

Arizonadéi íijaa - To always be in Arizona

• Repetitive physical arrival at ...

Arizonadéi katsáa - To always go to Arizona

•  "On" a computer, phone, etc.

Sdlxiigandéi - On a phone

Ablative

Ending: -dáx/-táx

Meaning: 

•  Movement away from something

Díitáx - From me

• Since a time

9dáx - Since 9

Allative
Ending: -gwii

Meaning: 

• Movement towards something

Díigwii - To me

• At a time

9gwii - At 9 

Prolative
Ending: -náxh

Meaning: 

• Movement using a surface or way

Tiltiwnáxh - At 9 

• Movement using a vehicle

Díi táannáxh katsgán - I went via bear.

• During a period of time

Galwáaynáxh - During the night

Comitative
Ending: -gút

Meaning:

• With ...

Diigút - With me

Privative

Ending: -k’ál

Meaning:

• Without ...

Diik’ál - Without me

Essive
Ending: -gwaa

Meaning:

• State of being

Axgwaa - As a dog

Benefactive
Ending: -xáan

Meaning:

• For ...

T’anwáayxáan - For the grass

Asking Questions in Iseren

Gúus uu...? /guːs uː/
"What...?(Noun)"

Dúus uu...? /duːs uː/
"What...?(Verb)"

Gitlaan uu...? /git͡ɬ'an uː/
"Where...?"

Hín uu...? /xin uː/
"How...?"

Sán uu...? /san uː/
"How...?(It's just another way to say how)"

Éihl uu...? /eːɬ uː/
"Why...?"

Gám éihl uu...? /ɢʌm eːɬ uː/
"Why don't/not...?"

Gíist uu...? /giːst uː/
"Who...?"

Gíisand uu...? /giːsand uː/
"When...?"

Gw...? /ɢʊ/
"Did/Does...?"

Examples

Hín uu ...gwii kya’áang? /xin uː ...ɣʷiː kjaʔaːŋ/ - Literally "How is ... called to?"
"What is ...'s name?"

Hín uu ... giidang? /xin uː ... ɢiːdaŋ/
"How is ... feeling?"

Responses

Áang /aːŋ/
"Yes"

Yéi /jeː/

"No"

Ayáa /ajaː/

"I don't know"

... xín ...gwii kya’áang. /san uː ...ɣʷiː kjaʔaːŋ/ - Literally "... is how ... is called to."
"...'s name is ..."


Éihl... /eːɬ/
"Because..."