Ending: -∅ *Only marked in pronouns, understood by word order elsewhere
Meaning:
- The agent of a transitive verb
Díina dáa xwútl’áang. - I love you.Absolutive
Ending: -∅ *Only marked in pronouns, understood by word order elsewhere
Meaning:
- The subject of an intransitive verb
Dáa xwútl’áang. - You are loved.
- The object of an transitive verb
Díina dáa xwútl’áang. - I love you.Genitive
Ending: -∅ *Only marked in pronouns, understood by word order elsewhere
Meaning:
- Possession
Díi duus. - My cat.Vocative
Ending: -∅ *Only marked in certain nouns, understood by word order and punctuation elsewhere
Meaning:
- The person being addressed
Chánii! - Grandpa!
Instrumental
Ending: -tin/-n
Adessive
Ending: -ghaa
Ending: -wu/-u
Ending: -déi
Ending: -dáx/-táx
Allative
Ending: -gwii
Ending: -náxh
Ending: -gút
Ending: -tin/-n
Meaning:
- Using ...
Xál sdláagwaaltin ta taláagán. - He ate using a spoon.
Ending: -ghaa
Meaning:
- Adjacent location
X’waahldáayghaa - Near the house
- Following ...
Duujáayghaa katsáa - To go following the cat
- Around a time
9ghaa - Around 9Locative
Ending: -wu/-u
Meaning:
- The location
X’waahldáayu - At the house
- At a time
9u - At 9Pertingent
Ending: -déi
Meaning:
- Touching ...
Hlgiijaadéi - Touching the fork
- Extended physical location or contact with ...
Arizonadéi íijaa - To always be in Arizona
- Repetitive physical arrival at ...
Arizonadéi katsáa - To always go to Arizona
- "On" a computer, phone, etc.
Sdlxiigandéi - On a phoneAblative
Ending: -dáx/-táx
Meaning:
- Movement away from something
Díitáx - From me
- Since a time
9dáx - Since 9
Ending: -gwii
Meaning:
- Movement towards something
Díigwii - To me
- At a time
9gwii - At 9Prolative
Ending: -náxh
Meaning:
- Movement using a surface or way
Tiltiwnáxh - At 9
- Movement using a vehicle
Díi táannáxh katsgán - I went via bear.
- During a period of time
Galwáaynáxh - During the nightComitative
Ending: -gút
Meaning:
- With ...
Diigút - With me
Privative
Meaning:
- Without ...
Diik’ál - Without meEssive
Ending: -gwaa
Meaning:
- State of being
Axgwaa - As a dogBenefactive
Ending: -xáan
Meaning:
- For ...
T’anwáayxáan - For the grass
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