Fox

Nagaséi /naɢaseː/

Cases

Ergative
Ending: -∅ *Only marked in pronouns, understood by word order elsewhere 

Meaning: 

• The agent of a transitive verb

Díina dáa xwútl’áang. - I love you.

Absolutive
Ending: -∅ *Only marked in pronouns, understood by word order elsewhere 

Meaning:  

• The subject of an intransitive verb

Dáa xwútl’áang. - You are loved. 

• The object of an transitive verb

Díina dáa xwútl’áang. - I love you. 

Genitive 
Ending: -∅ *Only marked in pronouns, understood by word order elsewhere 

Meaning:

• Possession

Díi duus. - My cat. 

Vocative
Ending: -∅ *Only marked in certain nouns, understood by word order and punctuation elsewhere 

Meaning: 

• The person being addressed 

Chánii! - Grandpa!

Instrumental
Ending: -tin/-n

Meaning: 

• Using ...

Xál sdláagwaaltin ta taláagán. - He ate using a spoon.

Adessive
Ending: -ghaa

Meaning:

• Adjacent location

X’waahldáayghaa - Near the house

• Following ...

Duujáayghaa katsáa - To go following the cat

• Around a time

9ghaa - Around 9

Locative
Ending: -wu/-u

Meaning:

• The location

X’waahldáayu - At the house

• At a time

9u - At 9

Pertingent 
Ending: -déi

Meaning:

• Touching ...

Hlgiijaadéi - Touching the fork

• Extended physical location or contact with ...

Arizonadéi íijaa - To always be in Arizona

• Repetitive physical arrival at ...

Arizonadéi katsáa - To always go to Arizona

•  "On" a computer, phone, etc.

Sdlxiigandéi - On a phone

Ablative

Ending: -dáx/-táx

Meaning: 

•  Movement away from something

Díitáx - From me

• Since a time

9dáx - Since 9

Allative
Ending: -gwii

Meaning: 

• Movement towards something

Díigwii - To me

• At a time

9gwii - At 9 

Prolative
Ending: -náxh

Meaning: 

• Movement using a surface or way

Tiltiwnáxh - At 9 

• Movement using a vehicle

Díi táannáxh katsgán - I went via bear.

• During a period of time

Galwáaynáxh - During the night

Comitative
Ending: -gút

Meaning:

• With ...

Diigút - With me

Privative

Ending: -k’ál

Meaning:

• Without ...

Diik’ál - Without me

Essive
Ending: -gwaa

Meaning:

• State of being

Axgwaa - As a dog

Benefactive
Ending: -xáan

Meaning:

• For ...

T’anwáayxáan - For the grass

To Wear

Chat’as /t͡ʃaːt’as/

To Throw Away

Dáang /daːŋ/

To Be Sick

St’ii /st’iː/

To Look Out for

Dlajuwáa /d̥͡lad͡ʒuwaː/

To Come

Infinitive:
Íists’áa /iːst͡s’aː/

Imperative:
Íists’íi /iːst͡s’iː/